My Project: Na'vi Language Book

[AP Nova]

Kaltxì ma eylan!

Some time ago I had the idea of collecting the rules of the language in a central reference, so everyone is able to look things up easily instead of having to search things. During the last weeks I started working on that project and I already received much positive feedback when I just released a "what it could look like"-version, created to find out whether such a project is a good idea or not. By now the book became much more advanced so that one could think of making it known to the whole community instead of only the German-speaking part of it.

But know there is a problem: First of all somebody has to translate the complete thing, I could do it, but I think it will be better if someone who knows English better than me translates it.
Then we have to define a certain structure regarding updates of the book: It could become problematic if it is updated bidirectional, so one should say that changes are first added to one version, then translated into the other.

So first of all: Who would like to translate it? Maybe you could work together (correct mistakes/discuss better ways of translating something) or everyone could work on a part of the complete translation.

The newest version of the Na'vi Language Book is attached, but as I said it is written in German.

Eywa ayngahu

link to the German thread: Das "Na'vi Sprachbuch"

[Eltu Lefngap Makto]

Have you seen Wm.Annis' Grammar?

http://www.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf

[AP Nova]

I didn't know about it, but nevertheless my project seems a bit different to that one. It is constructed differently and to me it seems as if Wm.Annis' Horen leNa'vi would use more linguistic terms, I tried to use terms which are as "normal" as possible, so more people are able to understand it.

Nevertheless, if most people consider my project useless I will stop working on it.

[Ftxavanga Txe′lan]

I saw what you answered me in the German forum and thought I should come propose my help as a translator here.

Well, I personally really don't think it's useless! I believe many summary documents can be nice, because one of them might work better for a specific person because of the original way in which it is organized. I am sure your document would appeal to certain readers and particularly help them, even if the concept is not entirely new.

[AP Nova]

Maybe you could start translating, it seems as if nobody else wants to do that. We can talk about details in ICQ.

[Ftxavanga Txe′lan]

Okay, great! Then I shall probably begin this weekend.

[AP Nova]

How far have you come regarding the translation, ma Ftxavanga Txe'lan?

I think it would be nice if we had at least the first "chapter" translated, so the English-speaking part of LN can make their own opinion.

[Ftxavanga Txe′lan]

I'm at half of the first chapter! The beginning has been very difficult for me, and I have spent a long time trying to figure it out although there are still uncertainties about it. I think I might be able to finish the rest today though, because the explanatory sections are easy and quick to make. I'll post the result not later than after-tomorrow.

EDIT

I've just finished up to 1.6, so I thought I could already show what I've done. I'm simply going to copy the content in this message since I don't know very well how I could put everything in a readable format yet.

There are still elements that I haven't been able to translate. Things that I tried to translate but am still not sure about are in green and german words/sentences that I have no idea how to say in English are orange. Also, do the word "adposition" exist in English? :/ I don't know the equivalent.

CONTENT INDEX

Spoiler

Content index

0. Preface

1. The basis:
1.1 Types of words
1.2 Pronouns
1.3 Verbs/Tenses
1.4 Cases/Word order/Articles
1.5 Adpositions
1.6 Wortuzusätze
1.7 Alphabet/Phonetics/Lenition
1.8 Numers/Ordinal numbers/Number of repetitions

2. Details
2.1 Subjunctive
2.2 "txo" constructions (conditional clauses)
2.3 "tsnì" constructions
2.4 "to have" in Na'vi
2.5 Increased and superlative adjectives
2.6 Comparatives (comparisons)
2.7 To spell the alphabet
2.8 Allowed sounds
2.9 Imperatives (commands)
2.10 Negation
2.11 Special verbs
2.12 "that", "that" and the other "that"
2.13 "and" and "and" ("ulte" and "sì")
2.14 Citing with "San ... sìk"/Die Sprechverben
2.15 "lu" and "tok"
2.16 Comment on "a"
2.17 Foreign languages and loan words
2.18 Comment on "-nì"
2.19 Verbs of movement and adpositions
2.20 Yes/No questions and the particle "ko"
2.21 Vocative for groups
2.22 Time indications with "krr"
2.23 Modal verbs

PREFACE

Spoiler

0. Preface:

Important: All the basic rules' details that have been named can exceptionally be cancelled, they simply cover the normal cases. This book's goal is to furnish a summary of the Na'vi rules, dementsprechend ist bewusst keine zu erklärende Form mit vielen Beispielen gewählt. Only rules and particularities are discussed: no specifid words, unless they are used in an "unusual" way. In case of comprehension problems, noticed mistakes or improvement suggestions, please go to the corresponding thread and on learnnavi.org.

Commentary:
- Concerning the actual explanation, unimportant detailed information is between brackets.
- In case it wouldn't be easy to recognize, what has been previously explained is marked in italics in the examples.
- Wortsusätze that are attatched to words are indicated by "+" and "-" on the respective side on which they must be attatched. "+" means that lenition (see lenition) occurs, and "-" shows simply the attatchment side.
- Explanations/Descriptions are in black, examples are blue, and non official things that are "marginal" and not from Frommer are indicated in red.
- The chapters in the content index and the "see" references can be clicked.
- In the example sentences, a (rough) translation separtated by a hyphen comes first. Behind, a word-for-word translation is given between brackets. To facilitate the understanding, verbs, adjectives and case ends are in the matching form. If necessary, some sentences are adapted.

CONTENT

Spoiler

1. The Basics:

1.1 Types of words

Na'vi is ruled by the following word types:
Nouns: Names, objects and so on Examples: tsray (village), utral (tree), Neytiri
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns Examples: oe (I), nga (you), tsaw (this/that thing)
Verbs: Express an action Examples: taron (to hunt), lu (to be)
Adjectives: Describe something in more details Examples: ean (blue), tsawl (tall)
Adverbs: Describe how a specific thing is done Examples: po frakem si frakrr nìyawr (He always does everything correctly), po tul nìwin (He runs fast)
Adpositions: Tell, for example, where something occur Examples: mì utral (in the tree), maw tìtusaron (after the hunt)
Conjunctions: Link sentences Examples: ulte (and), fu (or), hufwa (although)
Interjection: Words that are not necessarily part of a sentence and can be said alone Examples: kaltxì (hello), irayo (thank you)
Question words: Ask for specific things Examples: peu (what/what thing), pelun (why/what cause)
Particles: Similar to interjections, they don't really have a position in the sentence but rather refer to it Examples: srak (yes?), kefyak (right?)
Others (e.g. exclamation): No real words, but still useful expressions. Can be counted as interjections. Examples: saa (threatening cry), tewti ("wow!")

1.2 Pronouns

3 personal pronouns basically exist: oe (I), nga (you), po (she/he).
Other pronouns form themselves from them:
moe (me+ with oe) — both of us (without the person who is addressed)
oeng (oe with nga) — you and I
menga (me+ with nga) — both of us
mefo (me+ with po) — those two
pxoe (pxe+ with oe) — the three of us (without the person who is addressed)
pxoeng (pxe+ with oe and nga) — "I and both of you" or "us two and you"
pxenga (pxe+ with nga) — the three of you
pxefo (pxe+ with fo) — the three
ayoe (ay+ with oe) — we (without you)
ayoeng (ay+ with oe and nga, also "awnga") — we (inclusive "you")
aynga (ay+ and nga) — you (plural)
ayfo (ay+ and fo) — they
Additionally, "po" (only in its basic form) can also become "poan" (he) or "poe" (she), in allen davon ausgehenden Form darf man es nicht verändern.

Moreover, there still exist 4 other important personal pronouns:
fko — one
ohe — I (polite form)
ngenga — you (polite form)
sno — his own (becomes "sneyä" in the genitive)

For things, we also have pronouns derived from "'u" (thing):
fì'u (this thing), ayfì'u (these things), tsa'u/tsaw (that thing), (ay)saw/(ay)sa'u (those things)

1.3 Verbs/Tenses

Verbs are never conjugated, which means that they stay the same everywhere. However, verbs can be modified by the so-called infixes: these give, for instance, information about the moment of a taking place. There are 3 infix positions: one before the vowel of a word's before-last syllable (<1>), one before the vowel of a word's last syllable (<2>), and one which is also before the vowel of a word's before-last syllable but is always written first when used (<0>).
Example with the word "taron" (to hunt):
t<0><1>ar<2>on

2 infixes exist for the "0" position: "äp" ("self" verb/transforms the verb into a reflexive form) and "eyk" (causative, it indicates "to make/to force"). Examples:
täparon — to hunt oneself
teykaron — to force (someone) to hunt

In the "1" position, there are: "am" (past), "ìm" (close past), "ìy" (close future), "ay" (far future), "er" (shows that something is happening at the moment and can be combined e.g. with "am" to give "arm" — combinations with "ìm" are also possible) and "ol" (shows that something is done and finished but can be still bomcined with the two past forms). Examples:
tayaron — will hunt
tìyaron — to hunt soon
tìrmaron — about to be finished hunting
talmaron — to have hunted (is finished)
Furthermore, there are the two other infixes "asy" and "ìsy", which give the speaker's point of view about the certainty that something is going to happen. Example:
Oe tasyaron — I will definitely hunt

There are 4 infixes in the "2" position: "uy" (carries a respectable conotation, e.g. is used in official ceremonies), "ats" (shows uncertainty about the validity of an information), "ei" (demonstrates that one is happy about something) and "äng" (shows that one is unhappy about something). Examples:
Po taratson — He/She hunts, I think
taruyon — Used, for instance, in a context where it is an honour to hunt
Po tareion — He/She hunts, I believe it's good
Po tarängon — He/She hunts, I believe it's bad
Additionally, there is also "us" and "awn", which are in the "1" position but cannot be combined with other infixes. Examples:
tusaron — jagend
tawnaron — hunted

Also, transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished. The transitive ones can contain a direct object in the sentence; in that case, the person or object doing the action in den Ergativ gesetzt, instead of remaining nominative. Intransitive verbs cannot contain any direct object, which means that the patientive case is dropped.

Furthermore, the so-called subjunctive (with the infix "iv" in the first position) also exists. It can be combined, according to the choice, with the two past infixes to give "iyev" or "ìyev". This infix has a number of uses, the most important one being with the modal verbs ("tsun" (can), "new" (want), "zene" (must) ...). Example:
Oe new tivaron — I would like to hunt

1.4 Cases/Word order/Articles

The language is regulated by a relatively free word order, which makes that no particular position in the sentence indicates e.g. the direct object; the nature of the word is rather shown by a case marker at the end of the word itself. According to the way of counting, Na'vi has from 5 to 7 cases: nominative, agentive, patientive, genitive, topical, vocative. Here follow a short explanation with some examples:

Nominative: The agent person or object is nominative when no direct object is present. When a name is nominative, nothing is changed. The corresponding question is "Wo?/What?" Example:
Oe taron — I hunt
Agentive: When a transitive verb is used and there is a direct object, the object or person doing the action becomes agentive. If the object or person doing the action ends with a consonant, the ending "-ìl" is added, whereas "-l" is put if the word ends in a vowel. The corresponding question is "Who?/What?". Example:
Oel taron poti — I hunt him
Patientive: The direct object can only appear in sentences that use transitive verbs. If the object ends in a consonant, one can use either "-t" or "-ti" at the end, or else "-it" comes at the end. The corresponding question is "Whom?/What?". Example:
Oel taron poti — I hunt him
Dative: In Na'vi, the indirect object takes the role of a person or a thing that "receives" the action. All the speech's verbs put the addressed person or object in the dative. According to the word's ending (consonant or vowel), the possible endings are "-ur", "-ru" or the short form "-r". The corresponding question is "To whom?/To what?". Example:
Oe pamrel si poru — I write to him/her
Genitive: It indicates a possessiven Bezug to something. The usual endings are "-eyä", "-yä" and "ä", in which "-eyä" is used with all personal pronouns and never with names. The corresponding question is "Whose?". Example:
oeyä puk — my book
pay txampayä — the see's water
Topical: The topical marker indicates what is being talked about. Its use is simlar to that of "teri-", the endings are "-ìri" and "-ri". Example:
Oe plltxe fì'uri — I talk about this thing
Vocative: The vocative shows that one addresses someone. A "ma" is always used along with it before the person that is being addressed. There is no case end to add.

Despite that system, one naturally cannot place the words in any order. For some words ("ulte" for "and", to give an easy example), some forms must still be respected.

Na'vi contains definite and indefinite articles (e.g. "the book"/"a book"). It depends on the context and the sentence. However, there is also another way to indicate a definite article: "fì-" and "tsa-" (see Wortsuzätze).

1.5. Adpositions

- Adpositions have no meaning on their own for the reason that they only appear connected to other words. Na'vi has some rules in this concern, which have to be noted:
- Adpositions can separately appear before the word they are connected with or be attached at the end of the word.
- When an adposition is used, the word that is linked to it cannot contain any other case marker.
- Few adpositions are lenited (see Lenition). Among those are "mì+", "ìlä+", "fpi+", "wä+", "ro+" and "sre+". However, if the adposition is placed at the end of a word, lenition is dropped. Examples:
mì sray/tsraymì — in the village
ha nga/ngahu — with you

[AP Nova]

Thanks for your help, maybe the nature of this project becomes a bit clearer now. Even if not translated and formatted absolutely equally, it should be able to give a first impression and I'd like to hear opinions about whether it would make sense to continue working on a translation or not.

"Mistakes" and other things I'd like to change:

Spoiler

Content Index:
1.6 "Wortzusätze" is difficult to translate, maybe one could say "word adjuncts" or something like that, at least "adjunct" seems to be a linguistic term. Same thing for that word in the Preface.
1.8 Numbers
2.14: "Sprechverben" maybe could become "verbs of speaking/speech"?

Preface:
"dementsprechend ist bewusst keine zu erklärende Form mit vielen Beispielen gewählt" -> "therefore a form that isn't that detailed has intentionally been chosen"?
"please go to the corresponding thread and on learnnavi.org." Why "and"? I think it would be ok without "and".
"Behind, a word-for-word translation is given between brackets." -> "Behind, a word-for-word translation can be given between brackets."


Basics:
1.1 "tsaw (this/that thing)" -> "tsaw (that thing)"
1.2 "menga (me+ with nga) — both of us" -> "menga (me+ with nga) - you two"
1.2 "ayoeng (ay+ with oe and nga, also "awnga") — we (inclusive "you")" -> "... - we (including you)"
1.2 "in allen davon ausgehenden Form darf man es nicht verändern." -> "po must not be changed this way in every already-changed form"
1.2 "Moreover, there still exist 4 other important personal pronouns:" -> Moreover, there also exist 4 other important personal pronouns:"
1.3 "shows that something is happening at the moment" -> "shows that something is happening at that moment"
1.3 "but can be still bomcined with the two past forms" -> "but can be still combined with the two past forms"
1.3 "Examples:
tusaron — jagend" -> "tusaron - hunting"
1.3 "in that case, the person or object doing the action in den Ergativ gesetzt" -> "in that case, the person or object doing the action has to be in ergative case"
1.3 "with the two past infixes to give "iyev" or "ìyev"" -> "with the two future infixes to give "iyev" or "ìyev""
1.4 "The corresponding question is "Wo?/What?"" -> "The corresponding question is "Who/What?""
1.4 "Genitive: It indicates a possessiven Bezug to something." -> "Genitive: It indicates a possessive relation to something"
1.4 "in which "-eyä" is used with all personal pronouns and never with names." -> "in which "-eyä" is used with all personal pronouns but never with any other noun"
1.4 "Na'vi contains definite and indefinite articles" -> "Na'vi doesn't contain definitive and indefinite articles"
1.5 "ha nga/ngahu — with you" -> "hu nga/ngahu - with you"

[Ftxavanga Txe′lan]

Thank you very much for the corrections, ma AP Nova. I have edited the entire first part, and have just finished what was remaining for the first chapter. Again some things remain uncertain and there might be other mistakes, but it still gives a pretty good idea!

CONTENT INDEX

Spoiler

Content index

0. Preface

1. The basis:
1.1 Types of words
1.2 Pronouns
1.3 Verbs/Tenses
1.4 Cases/Word order/Articles
1.5 Adpositions
1.6 Word adjuncts
1.7 Alphabet/Phonetics/Lenition
1.8 Numbers/Ordinal numbers/Number of repetitions

2. Details
2.1 Subjunctive
2.2 "txo" constructions (conditional clauses)
2.3 "tsnì" constructions
2.4 "to have" in Na'vi
2.5 Increased and superlative adjectives
2.6 Comparatives (comparisons)
2.7 To spell the alphabet
2.8 Allowed sounds
2.9 Imperatives (commands)
2.10 Negation
2.11 Special verbs
2.12 "that", "that" and the other "that"
2.13 "and" and "and" ("ulte" and "sì")
2.14 Citing with "San ... sìk"/Verbs of speech
2.15 "lu" and "tok"
2.16 Comment on "a"
2.17 Foreign languages and loan words
2.18 Comment on "-nì"
2.19 Verbs of movement and adpositions
2.20 Yes/No questions and the particle "ko"
2.21 Vocative for groups
2.22 Time indications with "krr"
2.23 Modal verbs

PREFACE

Spoiler

0. Preface:

Important: All the basic rules' details that have been named can exceptionally be cancelled, they simply cover the normal cases. This book's goal is to furnish a summary of the Na'vi rules, therefore a form that isn't extremely detailed has intentionally been chosen. Only rules and particularities are discussed: no specifid words, unless they are used in an "unusual" way. In case of comprehension problems, noticed mistakes or improvement suggestions, please go to the corresponding thread on learnnavi.org.

Commentary:
- Concerning the actual explanation, unimportant detailed information is between brackets.
- In case it wouldn't be easy to recognize, what has been previously explained is marked in italics in the examples.
- Word adjuncts that are attatched to words are indicated by "+" and "-" on the respective side on which they must be attatched. "+" means that lenition (see lenition) occurs, and "-" shows simply the attatchment side.
- Explanations/Descriptions are in black, examples are blue, and non official things that are "marginal" and not from Frommer are indicated in red.
- The chapters in the content index and the "see" references can be clicked.
- In the example sentences, a (rough) translation separtated by a hyphen comes first. Behind, a word-for-word translation can be given between brackets. To facilitate the understanding, verbs, adjectives and case ends are in the matching form. If necessary, some sentences are adapted.

CONTENT

Spoiler

1. The Basics:

1.1 Types of words

Na'vi is ruled by the following word types:
Nouns: Names, objects and so on Examples: tsray (village), utral (tree), Neytiri
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns Examples: oe (I), nga (you), tsaw (that thing)
Verbs: Express an action Examples: taron (to hunt), lu (to be)
Adjectives: Describe something in more details Examples: ean (blue), tsawl (tall)
Adverbs: Describe how a specific thing is done Examples: po frakem si frakrr nìyawr (He always does everything correctly), po tul nìwin (He runs fast)
Adpositions: Tell, for example, where something occur Examples: mì utral (in the tree), maw tìtusaron (after the hunt)
Conjunctions: Link sentences Examples: ulte (and), fu (or), hufwa (although)
Interjection: Words that are not necessarily part of a sentence and can be said alone Examples: kaltxì (hello), irayo (thank you)
Question words: Ask for specific things Examples: peu (what/what thing), pelun (why/what cause)
Particles: Similar to interjections, they don't really have a position in the sentence but rather refer to it Examples: srak (yes?), kefyak (right?)
Others (e.g. exclamation): No real words, but still useful expressions. Can be counted as interjections. Examples: saa (threatening cry), tewti ("wow!")

1.2 Pronouns

3 personal pronouns basically exist: oe (I), nga (you), po (she/he).
Other pronouns form themselves from them:
moe (me+ with oe) — both of us (without the person who is addressed)
oeng (oe with nga) — you and I
menga (me+ with nga) — you two
mefo (me+ with po) — those two
pxoe (pxe+ with oe) — the three of us (without the person who is addressed)
pxoeng (pxe+ with oe and nga) — "I and both of you" or "us two and you"
pxenga (pxe+ with nga) — the three of you
pxefo (pxe+ with fo) — the three
ayoe (ay+ with oe) — we (without you)
ayoeng (ay+ with oe and nga, also "awnga") — we (including you)
aynga (ay+ and nga) — you (plural)
ayfo (ay+ and fo) — they
Additionally, "po" (only in its basic form) can also become "poan" (he) or "poe" (she). Po must not be changed this way in every already-changed form.

Moreover, there also exist 4 other important personal pronouns:
fko — one
ohe — I (polite form)
ngenga — you (polite form)
sno — his own (becomes "sneyä" in the genitive)

For things, we also have pronouns derived from "'u" (thing):
fì'u (this thing), ayfì'u (these things), tsa'u/tsaw (that thing), (ay)saw/(ay)sa'u (those things)

1.3 Verbs/Tenses

Verbs are never conjugated, which means that they stay the same everywhere. However, verbs can be modified by the so-called infixes: these give, for instance, information about the moment of a taking place. There are 3 infix positions: one before the vowel of a word's before-last syllable (<1>), one before the vowel of a word's last syllable (<2>), and one which is also before the vowel of a word's before-last syllable but is always written first when used (<0>).
Example with the word "taron" (to hunt):
t<0><1>ar<2>on

2 infixes exist for the "0" position: "äp" ("self" verb/transforms the verb into a reflexive form) and "eyk" (causative, it indicates "to make/to force"). Examples:
täparon — to hunt oneself
teykaron — to force (someone) to hunt

In the "1" position, there are: "am" (past), "ìm" (close past), "ìy" (close future), "ay" (far future), "er" (shows that something is happening at the moment and can be combined e.g. with "am" to give "arm" — combinations with "ìm" are also possible) and "ol" (shows that something is done and finished but can be still bombined with the two past forms). Examples:
tayaron — will hunt
tìyaron — to hunt soon
tìrmaron — about to be finished hunting
talmaron — to have hunted (is finished)
Furthermore, there are the two other infixes "asy" and "ìsy", which give the speaker's point of view about the certainty that something is going to happen. Example:
Oe tasyaron — I will definitely hunt

There are 4 infixes in the "2" position: "uy" (carries a respectable conotation, e.g. is used in official ceremonies), "ats" (shows uncertainty about the validity of an information), "ei" (demonstrates that one is happy about something) and "äng" (shows that one is unhappy about something). Examples:
Po taratson — He/She hunts, I think
taruyon — Used, for instance, in a context where it is an honour to hunt
Po tareion — He/She hunts, I believe it's good
Po tarängon — He/She hunts, I believe it's bad
Additionally, there is also "us" and "awn", which are in the "1" position but cannot be combined with other infixes. Examples:
tusaron — hunting
tawnaron — hunted

Also, transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished. The transitive ones can contain a direct object in the sentence; in that case, the person or object doing the action has to be in the ergative case, instead of remaining nominative. Intransitive verbs cannot contain any direct object, which means that the patientive case is dropped.

Furthermore, the so-called subjunctive (with the infix "iv" in the first position) also exists. It can be combined, according to the choice, with the two future infixes to give "iyev" or "ìyev". This infix has a number of uses, the most important one being with the modal verbs ("tsun" (can), "new" (want), "zene" (must) ...). Example:
Oe new tivaron — I would like to hunt

1.4 Cases/Word order/Articles

The language is regulated by a relatively free word order, which makes that no particular position in the sentence indicates e.g. the direct object; the nature of the word is rather shown by a case marker at the end of the word itself. According to the way of counting, Na'vi has from 5 to 7 cases: nominative, agentive, patientive, genitive, topical, vocative. Here follow a short explanation with some examples:

Nominative: The agent person or object is nominative when no direct object is present. When a name is nominative, nothing is changed. The corresponding question is "Who?/What?" Example:
Oe taron — I hunt
Agentive: When a transitive verb is used and there is a direct object, the object or person doing the action becomes agentive. If the object or person doing the action ends with a consonant, the ending "-ìl" is added, whereas "-l" is put if the word ends in a vowel. The corresponding question is "Who?/What?". Example:
Oel taron poti — I hunt him
Patientive: The direct object can only appear in sentences that use transitive verbs. If the object ends in a consonant, one can use either "-t" or "-ti" at the end, or else "-it" comes at the end. The corresponding question is "Whom?/What?". Example:
Oel taron poti — I hunt him
Dative: In Na'vi, the indirect object takes the role of a person or a thing that "receives" the action. All the speech's verbs put the addressed person or object in the dative. According to the word's ending (consonant or vowel), the possible endings are "-ur", "-ru" or the short form "-r". The corresponding question is "To whom?/To what?". Example:
Oe pamrel si poru — I write to him/her
Genitive: It indicates a possessive relation to something. The usual endings are "-eyä", "-yä" and "ä", in which "-eyä" is used with all personal pronouns but never with any other noun. The corresponding question is "Whose?". Example:
oeyä puk — my book
pay txampayä — the see's water
Topical: The topical marker indicates what is being talked about. Its use is simlar to that of "teri-", the endings are "-ìri" and "-ri". Example:
Oe plltxe fì'uri — I talk about this thing
Vocative: The vocative shows that one addresses someone. A "ma" is always used along with it before the person that is being addressed. There is no case end to add.

Despite that system, one naturally cannot place the words in any order. For some words ("ulte" for "and", to give an easy example), some forms must still be respected.

Na'vi does not contain definite and indefinite articles (e.g. "the book"/"a book"). It depends on the context and the sentence. However, there is also another way to indicate a definite article: "fì-" and "tsa-" (see Word adjuncts).

1.5. Adpositions

- Adpositions have no meaning on their own for the reason that they only appear connected to other words. Na'vi has some rules in this concern, which have to be noted:
- Adpositions can separately appear before the word they are connected with or be attached at the end of the word.
- When an adposition is used, the word that is linked to it cannot contain any other case marker.
- Few adpositions are lenited (see Lenition). Among those are "mì+", "ìlä+", "fpi+", "wä+", "ro+" and "sre+". However, if the adposition is placed at the end of a word, lenition is dropped. Examples:
mì sray/tsraymì — in the village
hu nga/ngahu — with you

CONTENT II - NEW & UNCORRECTED

Spoiler

1.6 Word adjuncts

Different word ajuncts give the possibility, for example, to transform an adjective into a noun or a verb into a noun. Here one must nevertheless observe that the words that are created with this process are in part not officially valid; if one obtains the good meaning depends rather on "luck". It must be noted that some adjuncts cause lenition. Also, one should pay attention to the sound rule (see Allowed sounds).
ay+: Forms the plural of a noun and can optionally be dropped when the noun can be lenited and is lenite. Examples:
tsray (village) → aysray (villages) = sray
säspxin (sickness) → aysäspxin ("säspxin" does not work as plural form because no change is noticeable)
me+/pxe+: Lenited like ay+, but cannot be dropped in lenited words. "me+" indicates two and "pxe+", three. Example:
nari → menari (for instance, a Na'vi's pair of eyes)
fì-: Can only be written at the beginning of a word, entspricht dem Hinzufügen von "dieses". Can be linked to "ay+" to form "fay+". Example:
fìpuk → this book
tsa-: Can only be written at the beginning of a word, entspricht dem Hinzufügen von "jenes". Can be linked to "ay+" to form "tsay+". Example:
tsautral → that tree
a: On the one hand it is joined to adjectives to make the latter's relation to a noun even more evident; on the other, it indicates a relative sentence. Examples:
big tree → utral atsawl/tsawla utral
tree that is big → utral a lu tsawl
tì-: Basically generates a name from other words. Whether the exact meaning is correctly given is not certain. However, to create names out of verbs, the official and safer alternative of using the "us" infix in the verb can be employed instead of only "tì-". Example:
'ampi (to touch) → tì'ampi (not official, could mean for example "touch" → tì'usampi (official and allowed, means "touch")
-tu: Is added at the end of a word and can be somehow translated as "-person". Example:
tseo (art) → tseotu (artist)
-yu: Is placed at the end of a verb and indicates the performer of the verb.
Examples:
taron (to hunt) → taronyu (hunter)
kar (to teach) → karyu (teacher)
le-: Technically creates adverbs, but what adjective is then formed is unclear. Examples:
hrrap (danger) → lehrrap (dangerous, official word)
'eylan (friend) → le'eylan (not official, it could either mean "admicable" or "friendly" — to demonstrate the eventual various possibilities)
nì-: Forms adverbs out of a Ausgangswort that describe, for instance, how something is done.
si: Creates verbs from other words, is placed on his own after the original word. All "si" constructions are intransitive! Example:
kem (action, deed) → kem si (do an action or a deed)
-pe+: Is in all cases linked to the word when it stands before it; lenition occurs. It creates question words out of the original word and can be translated as "what". It is also possible to link it with "pe+" and "ay+": in that case one obtains "pay+", which can only be placed at the beginning of the word. Examples:
krr (time) → pehrr/krrpe (when/"what time")
tseng (place) → peseng/tsengpe (where/"what place")
fya'o (way) → peyfa/fyape (how/"what manner")
'ora (lake) → payore (what lakes)
-o: On the one hand, shows that it is no definite object and on the other, indicates a space of time:
tsray (village) → tsrayo (some village)
zìsìt a'aw (a year) → zìsìto a'aw (for a year)
sä-: Creates an "instrumental name". Examples:
spxin (sick) → säspxin (sickness)
nume (to learn) → sänume (learning)
-vi: Generates "a part" of the original word. Examples:
tìkangkem (work) → tìkangkemvi (project)
numtseng (school) → numtsengvi (classroom)
puk (book, loan word) → pukvi (page)
-an/-e: Shows male/feminine gender, is however not always significant (see for examle 'eylan (friend), which ends in "an" but does not imply any male form). When joined, it is placed at the end of the word.
-tsyìp: Forms a belitllement of the respective word to which it is linked.
Examples:
kilvan (river) → kilvantsyìp (rivulet)
tsray (village) → tsraytsyìp (little village)
fne-: Basically means "type of", comes from the word "fnel". Example:
fìutral (this tree) → fìfneutral (this type of tree)

1.7 Alphabet/Phonetics/Lenition

All characters have only one possible pronounciation, which is put between square brackets after the respective characters. The syllable rule (see Allowed sounds) is applied to all characters that are designated by a star.
', a*, aw*, ay*, ä*, e*, ew*, ey*, f, h, i*, ì*, k, l, m, n, ng, o*, p, r, s, t, ts, u*, v, w, y, z

In addition, there are also two pseudo consonants ll and rr and three ejectives: kx, px, tx. Na'vi has a definite pronounciation for all individual characters (see To spell the alphabet).

To achieve the ejectives, one can say the respective letter very clearly (though, only "k" and not "ka", etc.). In the usual speech, one uses either a consonant before or after the character; as ejective, the character can be spoken totally freely. It is also important to retain the air to a certain extent, and not to employ the trick for an "h".
tok — The "k" is only "said"
tokx — The "k" is completely spoken
tskxe — One says "tsk" first, with a very clearly spoken "k", and then the "e".

In some cases, the lenition occurs (see Lenition). This means, that a character is modified to facilitate pronounciation.
k  → h
p → f
px → p
t → s
ts → s
tx → t
' → (disappears)

This does not apply to the first letter after the lenited word, aber nur, wenn dieser vor nem Wort steht, auf das er sich bezieht:
mì sray atsawl — in the big village
mì sawla tsray — in the big village
Tsawla tsraymì kelku si po — He/She lives in a big village

1.8 Numbers/Ordinal numbers/Number of repetitions

Because the Na'vi have only 8 fingers, they use a number system based on 8. The numbers from 0 to 8: kew, 'aw, mune, pxey, tsìng, mrr, pukap, kinä, vol
To use numbers bigger than 8, one must count the octal way.
For instance, for the number 30 we can put 3 times 8, and then 6 (the remain). It gives ,,368". To express "3x8 + 6" we say in Na'vi:
pxe — vo — fu → pxevofu
The prefixes that are placed before "vo" are the following, beginning with 2: me, pxe, tsì, mrr, pu, ki
The Ziffer in the smallest position determines what comes after "vo", starting at 0: l, law, mun, pxey, sìng, mrr, fu, hin
Additionally, there is also "zam" for the 94th position, "vozam" for the 512th position and "zazam" for the 4096th position. Some examples:
1=18 –'aw
7=78 –kinä
8=108 –vol
9 = 118 – volaw
11 = 138 – vopxey
47 = 578 – mrrvohin
64 = 1008 – zam
65 = 1018 – zamaw
66 = 1028 – zamune
192 = 3008 – pxezam

Numbers, like adjetives, are linked to names. The names stay singular.
5 trees → mrra utral/utral amrr
When writing Na'vi numbers in characters, the following method is necessary:
5 trees → °5a utral/utral a5°

To use ordinal numbers (first, second, ...), "ve" comes at the end of the corresponding number: 'awve, muve, pxeyve, tsìve, mrrve, puke, kive, volve

The number of repetitions (e.g. twice) is expressed by the word "alo", which is used like a noun:
five times: alo amrr/mrra alo
six times: alo apukap/pukapa alo
However, there is the exceptions "'awlo", "melo" and "pxelo", which are not used in this manner.
Hence, "10 times" could also be expressed as:
vomuvea alo (1*8 + 2)

[AP Nova]

So now that the first part is complete, the others hopefully say something and if the feedback is positive we could continue translating, improve some details and adapt the formatting to the one of the original.

Spoiler

1.6 "entspricht dem Hinzufügen von "dieses"" -> "the equivalent of adding "this""
1.6 "entspricht dem Hinzufügen von "jenes"" -> "the equivalent of adding "that""
1.6 "Basically generates a name from other words." -> "Basically generates a noun from other words."
1.6 "Forms adverbs out of a Ausgangswort that describe" -> "Forms adverbs out of other words that describe"
1.6 "si" in bold
1.6 "and can be translated as "what"" I don't know if a translation as "what" is absolutely right
1.6 "It is also possible to link it with "pe+" and "ay+"" -> "It is also possible to link it with "ay+" or "It is also possible to link "pe" with "ay+"
1.6 fya'o (way) → peyfa/fyape (how/"what manner") -> "(...) pefya/fyape (how/"what manner")"
1.6 "'ora (lake) → payore (what lakes)" -> "(...) payora (what lakes)"
1.6 "Creates an "instrumental name"" -> "Creates an "instrumental noun""
1.6 "Forms a belitllement of the respective word to which it is linked. " -> I think Frommer called it "a diminutive form" instead of "belittlement"
1.7 "The syllable rule (see Allowed sounds) is applied to all characters that are designated by a star." -> "Regarding the syllable rule (see Allowed sounds) every character designated by a star counts as vowel"
1.7 "ll" and "rr" also marked with "*" at the end
1.7 "This does not apply to the first letter after the lenited word, aber nur, wenn dieser vor nem Wort steht, auf das er sich bezieht" -> This applys to the first letter after the leniting word, but only when it it is placed before the word it relates to.
1.8 "It gives ,,368"" -> "It gives 36base8", I would prefer writing it that way when you can't indicate the "8" in index after "36", meant to show that it is "36" in the octal system.
1.8 "The Ziffer" -> "The digit"/"The cypher"
1.8 "Additionally, there is also "zam" for the 94th position" -> "Additionally, there is also "zam" for the position representing "64 times", I really don't know how one translates "64er-Stelle", "512er-Stelle" and "4096er-Stelle".
1.8 You should also leave the "8" out when mentioning the examples of numbers, just say "Some examples (left in decimal system, right in octal system, then the word in Na'vi):" instead of "Some examples:"